Ukufunda iziphrase eziyisisekelo zesiJapanese kuvula amindlela yokuxoxana okuthile nokubonisa inhlonipho kolimi olumbalwa emhlabeni. Noma ngabe uhambela eTokyoyo, uqala uhambo lwakho lokufunda ulimi, noma nje ufuna ukuxhumana nabantu basesiJapan, lezi ziphrase ezikhanya uzokukwazi ukuxoxana ekuseni kwilanga. IsiJapanese kungase libonakale likhulu ekuqaleni, kodwa izindaba ezinhle yilena: amakho okukhuluma isiJapanese ayilula kakhulu abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi, kanye nokuthi iziphrase ezilula kaningi uzokwazi ukuhamba kahle kakhulu ezitaladini.
Okuqukethwe
Izitho Zokuqala Nokwazisa Izithupi
Umqondo wokuqala ubalulekile yonke indawo, kodwa ikakhulu eJapan lapho izitho ezinhle zokuqala ziseta imethali sokuxoxana. Lezi ziphrase zizokunikezela ngokuzinikeza okwakho kanye nokuqala inkukelo ngokuzithemba.
こんにちは
Konnichiwa
Sawubona
Gcina isabelo nomubhali siqinile. I-'wa' ekugcineni ibhaliwe ngesigaba se-hiragana è (ha) kodwa khulumiswane njengo-'wa'.
私の名前は...です
Watashi no namae wa... desu
Igama lami ngu...
I-'u' ekugcineni ku-'desu' kayibhaliwe kabi, cishe iyatuleka. Khulumsane njengo-'dess' kunokuthi 'deh-soo'.
はじめまして
Hajimemashite
Ngiyithokozela ukuklontshelana nawe
I-'shi' emukele i-'te' ekugcineni. Akukhulumsane njengo 'shi-te' okwahlukile kodwa kunalokho kuyetshenziswe okufakwana olungile 'shte'.
私は...から来ました
Watashi wa... kara kimashita
Ngowayo okuvela...
Igama elingu-'wa' libhaliwe njengo-è (ha) kodwa luhloniswe lunjalo 'wa' ngalesi sikhathi.
どちらから来ましたか？
Dochira kara kimashita ka?
Uvelaphi?
Phakamisa inkholo yokukhuluma ekugcineni ku-'ka' ukuze ikhombise ukuthi ibuzo itsho.
Iziphrase Ezibalulekile Zokuhlonipha esiJapanese
Inhlonipho inyakazwa emva kwesinhlelo sokukhuluma esiJapanese. Lezi ziphrase yizinto eziyisisekelo ezosebenzisa makanti wosuku.
お願いします
Onegaishimasu
Ngiyakucela
I-'u' ekugcineni ayibhaliwe kabi. Cabanga ngo-'mahss' hhayi 'mah-soo'. Ezinye izindawo zihlumusha ifana 'mahsh'.
ありがとうございます
Arigatou gozaimasu
Ngiyabonga
Futhi, i-'u' ekugcineni iphandle kakhulu okwe-voice. Esinye 'gozaimasu' sesinye ekufakiwe 'arigatou' ekuthipheni okuhlonipiwe kwesikali.
すみません
Sumimasen
Uxolo / Ngiyaxolisile
Zonke izigaba zinesitha sokukhumba okufanayo. Akamelwe ukuthi uzamele isinye isigaba okwenye.
ごめんなさい
Gomen nasai
Ngiyaxolisile
I-'i' ekugcineni kukhulumiswe ngokusetshenzile, ngokungafanani no-'u' elisilwile esisiJapanese.
大丈夫です
Daijoubu desu
Ayikho inzinga / Kuqondile
I-'ou' yenza umlindi o'o' o'o' okuhlumelie. Khulumsane 'joh' ngelinye ilanga elifishene, hhayi okuvunyelwe okukodwa okukodwa.
Lapho Ungaqondi
Ukuntshwabulwa kwekuxoxana kwenzeka kubo bonke abantu abafunda ulimi olusha. Lezi ziphrase zikuthuluzi ukuze uqinisele nokuqonda nokugcina inkukelo idlule.
分かりません
Wakarimasen
Angiqondi
I-'r' emukele esiJapanese iyaphakathi ngo-'r' nokunqoba 'l' emukele, esenziwa ngenqatende elishi ekuseni kwezinyo zangaphambi.
もう一度言ってください
Mou ichido itte kudasai
Ngiyakucela ukhule okunye, ngiyakucela
I-'ou' ku-'mou' yenza umlindi o'o' okufishekile. 'Ichido' kusho 'okokuqala' noma 'kambi'.
ゆっくり話してください
Yukkuri hanashite kudasai
Ngiyakucela isikhulumi esikhulumise ngamalanga
Imodeli eliphindwe kabili 'k' ku-'yukkuri' yenza ukuma okutshale. Cabanga ukuthi 'yuk-kuri' ngenqatende elincane.
これは何ですか？
Kore wa nan desu ka?
Yini lokhu?
Sebenzisa inkholo yokukhuluma ebophiwe ekugcineni ukuze ikhombise ngokuseziwe ukuthi ibuzo.
Kuhwebo Noemali
Noma ngabe uhweba izigodlo zama-elektroniki aseTokyoyo noma ubhuka umkhosi wendawo, lezi ziphrase zikuthuluzi ukuxoxwa nokukhokhi.
いくらですか？
Ikura desu ka?
Malini?
Gcina inkholo yokukhuluma ebophiwe ekugcineni ukuze ikhombise isicelo.
高すぎます
Taka sugimasu
Kunzima kakhulu
'Sugimasu' kusho 'kunzima'. I-'gi' isebenzisa isinu esikhulu njengo-'give'.
安いですね
Yasui desu ne
Ikhulu elilizwa / Kunombuzo omuhle
I-'ne' kukhulumiswe njengegama eliphelele 'nay' Linengisi kodwa elincane.
カードで払えますか？
Kaado de haraemasu ka?
Ngingakhokhela ngekhadi?
'Kaado' isumuwe koNgisi 'card' kodwa kukhulumiswe nomlandi wezingcwaningi zesiJapanese.
Izindlela Zokuhambahambo Nendawo
Ukuhambahambo kudinga ulwazi lokuthi ungazulule futhi qonde izindlela. Lezi ziphrase ziyincazelo lapho usengubeni eMashonalanden.
どこですか？
Doko desu ka?
Ikuphi?
Elincishi kanye nolula. Zonke izingcwaningi 'o' zisesilinganiso sobude.
左に曲がってください
Hidari ni magatte kudasai
Ngiyakucela wemuye okokukhanya
Imodeli eliphindwe kabili 't' ku-'magatte' yenza isigaba elincane esisazo phakathi kwesigaba.
近いですか？
Chikai desu ka?
Ikoze / Ilususe?
'Chi' kukhulumiswe njengo-'chee' 'cheese', hhayi njengo-'chai'.
まっすぐ行ってください
Massugu itte kudasai
Ngiyakucela uhambe phambi qonde
Imodeli eliphindwe kabili 's' yenza isinu esidume eliboshwe kancane kunokuthi 's' oyinye.
Ukudla Nokusinansi
Isiko lokudla lesiJapan sigwadile, futhi ulwazi lokuthi ungazuluza kuzokwanda kaningi kokuqhalisa kwakho.
お水をください
Omizu wo kudasai
Ngiyakucela amanzi
Igama elingu-'wo' libhaliwe è kodwa kukhulumiswe 'oh' noma 'o', hhayi 'woh'.
お腹が空きました
Onaka ga sukimashita
Ngilambile
I-'u' ku-'suki' isigaba elincishi. Akumelwe ukukhulisa ube 'soo-kee'.
コーヒーをお願いします
Koohii wo onegaishimasu
Ngiyakucela ikhahawa
I-'o' ende ku-'koohii' iboshwe okubili kunokuthi osigaba owodwa.
これをください
Kore wo kudasai
Lokhu, ngiyakucela / Ngizathatha lokhu
Olula kanye noqonde. Ykhotha okucabalele lapho ushiwo sesiphrase.
Ukuthola Usizo
Ngezinye izikhathi izinto zihamba kahle noma kufanele usizo. Lezi ziphrase zikuthuluzi ukuxoxwa ngezinkinga futhi ucele inkosi.
助けてください
Tasukete kudasai
Ngiyakucela ungisize
I-'u' ku-'tasukete' iyingi kahle, ecitsheni eza ibe 'tas-keh-teh'.
問題があります
Mondai ga arimasu
Kuneproblem / Nginenkonyana
'Mondai' inabhinzanabinza emisilikwanwane yolala. Akumelwe uku-emphasize 'mon' okwenye.
英語を話せる人はいますか？
Eigo wo hanaseru hito wa imasu ka?
Kunomuntu ongosikhulumi isiNgisi?
'Eigo' kusho isiNgisi. I-'ei' yenza umlindi o'e' owinde, njengo-'ay' kuNgisi.
Amathiphu
Izingcwaningi: Umfelandawonye oziJapanese: IsiJapanese sinezingcwaningi ezinhlanu kuphela (a, i, u, e, o), kanti kuhloniswe kanye ngamahlogo agcina okufana namagama. Cabanga ngezingcwaningi zesiSpanish noma sesiItaly: 'a' njengo-'ah' kuNgisi 'father', 'i' njengo-'ee' 'see', 'u' njengo-'oo' 'food', 'e' njengo-'eh' 'bed', kanye 'o' njengo-'oh' 'go'. Lesi sisthizelo sekulula kakhulu kunesiNgisi lapho izingcwaningi zishintsha njalo. Okubonwayo: ezingcwaningi ezithile, ikakhulu 'u' ekugcineni ngamagama, ziyazi ziyatuleka noma cishe azibhaliwe. Uzozwa 'desu' njengo-'dess' kanye 'imasu' njengo-'imahss'. Lalela kabi kunomsebenzisi wakusebenza ukuthi ubambe lezi zishintshane ezinobushikabusha.
Uhlelo Lwamagama: IsiJapanese Ukulandelwa yoObject-Verb: IsiNgisi lulandela i-Subject-Verb-Object (Ngilambile isushi), kodwa isiJapanese kusebenzisa Subject-Object-Verb (Ngilambile isushi. Lokhu kuguqulelwa kuyakuthwa, kodwa uzoshintsheka ngokushesha. Iverb ihlale ibonakale ekugcineni kwesigaba, okusho ukuthi ungawela igama kanye nokuqonda okushomile, abantu bentekelela ekugcineni umsebenzi. Elinye uciniselo oluyinzima: izigaba ezinjengokuthi 'wa', 'ga', 'wo', kanye 'ni' zibonisa ubukhosi ogwadile okuthi isiNgisi busebenzisa uhlelo lwamagama. IsiNgisi, 'dog bites man' kanye 'man bites dog' kusho okuthi ngokutshintshwa. IsiJapanese, izigaba zokukhomba umuntu okwenza okuthile, nokukho nokuthi uhlelo lwamagama.
Umlindi Omsindo: Isikhali Okuwele Kunokuqhaqha: NgokutshintshiNgisi equkuqhaqha igama ngevulume namaroba, isiJapanese isebenzisa isikhali sokukhali lapho izigaba zihamba ephezulu noma ezansi kumbala. Abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi abahlale bakwazi lokhu yonke indawo futhi baza bazame uku-emphasize izigaba ngomsindo onzima, okusho etshalokahlulo eJapan. Isibonelo, 'hashi' ngenqatha ephezulu ku-'ha' kusho amazambane, kodwa enqatha ephezulu ku-'shi' kusho umvalane. Indaba eliluhle yilena: noma ukukhali okungahle kwalelompilo, uzondindwa ngokuqonda okuhlanganisile. Kodwa ekufundeni liphakamisela ukuzwa ukulandelwa kwamelandi zokukhali kuyokwanda kakhulu ukuqonda usiso lwezengcwaningi. Akumelwe uku-emphasize izigaba ngomsindo onzima; kunalokho, cabanga ingomakomo yakho ikhutshe ephezulu nane neshisa njengomvolampileko.
Isiqalo se-R: Akusiso isiNgisi 'R': IsiJapanese 'r' ayilona kahle nesiNgisi 'r'. Iphandle cishe likhona elincane 'd' noma 'l' isikhali, esenziwa ngokucubungula ulwimi ngokubheka emadolobheni angaphambi kokhanda wakho (i-alveolar ridge). Abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi abatshele bomkhosi 'r', okusho etshalokahlulo kaSiJapan. Zama ushiye 'ladder' ngejwele kanye nokuqaphela ukuthi imodeli 'd' yenza ikhona elincane etubhe. Ileyo engema elincane kunokukhali kwesiNgisi 'r' kunokunoma isiNgisi 'r' isikhali. Fundisela nglelo 'ramen', 'arigatou', kanye 'kuruma' (umsebenzi). Ulwimi lwakho lumelwe kuphela kuphuhumthoze umfulelo wakho, okwenza isikhali esisindebele phakathi kwe-'r', 'l', kanye 'd'.
Ayikho Izibonakaliso: IsiJapanese Awusebenzi 'A', 'An', Noma 'The': IsiJapanese alinaye izibonakaliso njengo-'a', 'an', noma 'the', okuthi abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi bayisebenzisa njalo. Nje usho 'Ngifuna ikhahawa', hhayi 'Ngifuna ikhahawa oyodwa' noma 'Ngifuna ikhahawa ethile'. Umhlangano ubonisa ukuba ngabe ufuna igama elithile noma eliyisisekelo. Lokhu kulula kakhulu kuNgisi, lapho izibonakaliso zicela amathuluzi aziqwame njengamaphutha esintle akho-native abakhuluma. Kodwa abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi bahlale bokhaziswa ukuthi kulula noma akubhaliwe izimi ngaphandle ezisibonakaliso. Unomangalelo ofanele. Elinye: lapho abantu basesiJapan befunda isiNgisi, babonesela ekuvaliseni izibonakaliso ngoba umqondo awukho bulungisini. Unokuganisha okuhambile okwenye.
Kunzima Kangakanani isiJapanese Kwabantu Abakhuluma isiNgisi?
I-US Foreign Service Institute ihlinzela isiJapanese njengo-Category IV ulimi, okusho ukuthi yilona limi okunzima kakhulu kwabantu abakhuluma isiNgisi, okudinga cishe amahora amawu-2,200 okufundela ukuze ukwazi isiJapanese kahle. Kodwa akumelwe ukube inkinga kona. Iziphrase zokukhuluma okuyisisekelo zilula kakhulu kunezinhlelo zokubhala. IsiJapanese ekukhulumisweni yilula kakhulu ngoba ineluwazi elincane lezingcwaningi kanye nokwesistimu yesigaba esixhaphakile. Igramar yilula uma uvumile ukushintsha uhlelo lwegama (Subject-Object-Verb umhlangano). Inzima yinkinga yilena: isinhlelo esithathu sokubhala (hiragana, katakana, kanye nekanji), kodwa okukhuluma okuyisisekelo, ungakwazi ukuwela ngokushesha. Amanivel okuhlonipha athinta okukhanya, kodwa uma uqala nje ngezindlela ezihloniphile oyinayo, uzosulele emadolobheni wonke.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa
Yini iziphrase zesiJapanese eziyisisekelo ekufanele ukufunda kuqala?
Qala ngezitho zokuqala (konnichiwa), ngiyabonga (arigatou gozaimasu), uxolo/sawubona (sumimasen), kanye angiqondi (wakarimasen). Lezi ziphrase ezine kuphela zizokuthwala kuzimalawu amaningi okuvamela umuntu. Engeza ngiyakucela (onegaishimasu) kanye nobuzo oluyisisekelo njengo-'ikuphi...?' (doko desu ka) futhi uzowela isiJapanese ngokozikhakhamela. Iziphrase zokuhlonipha kubalulekile kakhulu kusiko lesiJapan, ngakho shaqe ukufunda lokhu okune okunye ikhuli.
Kunzima kangakanani isiJapanese ekhulumisweni kwabantu abakhuluma isiNgisi?
Ukhulumswa kwa-isiJapanese yilula kakhulu kunaminye amalimi kwabantu abakhuluma isiNgisi. Kukhona izingcwaningi ezinhlanu kuphela okhulumiswene esezenziswe njalo, ngokungafanani nesiNgisi lapho izingcwaningi zishintsha njalo. Uhlelo oluboshile lulula kanye noqondile. Izinkinga eziyinzima yikhona 'r' (okufana nesikhala elincane 'l' noma 'd'), ukukhula nomuntu okunqobhile okugcineni wamagama, kanye nokufunda isikhali sebenzile. Ngokufundela, abantu abaningi abakhuluma isiNgisi banakwazi ukufika endlini, ingcwaningi esehlukanisayo ngokushesha.
Wena ungazuluza ethu esiJapanese?
Izitho zokuqala kuqondile yilena 'konnichiwa' (こんにちは), isetshenziswe ngesikhathi somini kusukela okuncinane ku-10 AM kuya kubukhulungube. Ekuseni, sebenzisa 'ohayou gozaimasu' (mangaki), kanye ngasizinda sesinene 'konbanwa' (good evening). Izimo ezinomuntu liyinye elincishi, njengaleso 'ohayou' kusebenza ngkoseni. Lapho ubumbuza umuntu okokuqala, bheka izitho lakho zokuqala nge-'hajimemashite' (nice to meet you). Izitho zokuqala ezifanele kusekelelo sokuhamba kanye nowontoloze wokukhuluma.
Yini encinza 'sumimasen' esiJapanese?
'Sumimasen' (すみません) ingenye yeziphrase ezibalulekile kakhulu kanye nezisebenziswa ngezindlela eziningana esiJapanese. Iphuze umsebenzi omakhulu: uthola umuntu osemkhwenini ('uxolo'), ukunqoba ogo lokutshikisha ('uxolo'), kanye nokubonga ngcede yomuntu. Uzoyisebenzisa njalo lapho uthola izindlela, ukhala kanye nomuntu wendlela, noma ubonga umuntu okwenza umsebenzi omkhulu. Ihlonipiwe kunokuthi 'gomen nasai' (sorry) yezetshwayane zuncani, okwenza ibe ingcomo emuphi kwabantu abasha ekufundeni.
Ngabe kufanele ukufunda isiJapanese esibhaliwe uphukhiphukhi iziphrase eziyisisekelo ekukhulumisweni?
Azikho, ungakwazi ukufunda isiJapanese ekhulumiswene ngaphandle kokuphakelela izistimu zesikriveni ekuqaleni. Imi-Romanization (ukubhala isiJapanese ngehlomelo leHumuzi) ivumela ukufunda ukhulumswa nokuxoxana okuyisisekelo. Kodwa ukufunda i-hiragana ne-katakana (izistimu ezimbili zokukhuluma enamachikithi angama-46) kuzonelisekelo kahle noma ngakho elabafunda ngoba kusiza ekhulumisweni, ukufunda izimenu, kanye nokuthi ingena isilizali iwakho. Ungakudalela ukufunda i-kanji (izinhlamvu zesinese) kuze kube uhlile ekukhuluma okuyisisekelo. Abantu abaningi abafundile isiphakamise izengcwaningi, khona engeza olunye lukhuli ngokulandela.